A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics

Alakunle, Emmanuel; Kolawole, Daniel; Diaz-Ca´nova, Diana.; Alele, Faith; Adegboye, Oyelola.; Moens, Ugo.; Okeke, Malachy Ifeanyi.

dc.contributor.author	Alakunle, Emmanuel
dc.contributor.author	Kolawole, Daniel
dc.contributor.author	Diaz-Ca´nova, Diana.
dc.contributor.author	Alele, Faith
dc.contributor.author	Adegboye, Oyelola.
dc.contributor.author	Moens, Ugo.
dc.contributor.author	Okeke, Malachy Ifeanyi.
dc.date.accessioned	2024-10-13T12:54:35Z
dc.date.available	2024-10-13T12:54:35Z
dc.date.issued	2024-03-06
dc.identifier.other	1360586
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/707
dc.description	Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox). It is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to Orthopoxvirus (OPXV) genus within the Poxviridae family and Chordopoxvirinae as the subfamily (Alakunle et al., 2020). Other members of this genus include Variola virus (VARV), Cowpox virus (CPXV), Vaccinia virus (VACV), Camelpox virus (CMLV), Taterapox virus (TATV) and Ectromelia virus (ECTV). MPXV is divided into Clade I and Clade II, with Clade II subclassified as Clade IIa and IIb (Happi et al., 2022). For five decades, MPXV was endemic in West and Central Africa (Earl et al., 2012), and exportation of the virus to non-endemic regions was rare (Alakunle and Okeke, 2022). However, the incidence (since 2017) of mpox outside endemic regions has increased, and the epidemiological profile of the disease within endemic regions has changed (Grothe et al., 2022). This may have led to the MPXV emergence and re-emergence in endemic countries in 2022 (Alakunle and Okeke, 2022). This paper will cover the current state of knowledge on the characteristics of MPXV and mpox, the infection biology, molecular pathogenesis, and evolution of MPXV as well as the clinical features, diagnosis, epidemiology, and therapeutic options against mpox. In addition, the review will critically interrogate and evaluate the contributions of viral, host, and anthropogenic factors to the emergence and reemergence of mpox across the globe.	en_US
dc.description.abstract	Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.	en_US
dc.language.iso	en_US	en_US
dc.publisher	Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria	en_US
dc.relation.ispartofseries	;vol.14
dc.title	A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics	en_US
dc.type	Article	en_US